The Big Mac index of cigarette affordability
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Cigarette affordability in the United States.
INTRODUCTION Cigarette excise tax and price increases reduce smoking consumption and prevalence. Studies have previously defined cigarette affordability internationally and have discussed its relevance as a tobacco control policy measure. This study provides the first estimates on cigarette affordability in the United States. METHODS Cigarette affordability was defined as cigarette price in r...
متن کاملAn international analysis of cigarette affordability.
OBJECTIVE To investigate how affordable cigarettes are in developed and developing countries, and to calculate by how much the affordability of cigarettes has changed between 1990 and 2001; and secondly, to investigate the relation between cigarette affordability and consumption. DESIGN Affordability was defined as the cost of cigarettes relative to per capita income. Trends in cigarette affo...
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چکیده هدف اصلی از طراحی لرزه ای تامین ایمنی جانی در هنگام وقوع زلزله و تعمیر پذیر بودن سازه خسارت دیده، پس از وقوع زلزله است. تجربه زلزله های اخیر نشان داده است که ساختمان های طراحی شده با آیین نامه های مبتنی بر نیرو از نظر محدود نمودن خسارت وارده بر سازه دقت لازم را ندارند. این امر سبب پیدایش نسل جدید آیین نامه های مبتنی بر عملکرد شده است. در این آیین نامه ها بر اساس تغییرشکل های غیرارتجاعی ...
15 صفحه اولCigarette affordability trends: an update and some methodological comments.
OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...
متن کاملDoes PPP hold for Big Mac price or consumer price index? Evidence from panel cointegration
This paper examines the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) using CPI and Big Mac prices. The benchmark model, i.e., the OLS method, which does not take nonstationarity into account, rejects the hypothesis of PPP regardless of prices used. We next use the panel cointegration method to consider the nonstationary nature of variables. Estimated results for CPI are mixed. The PPP is rejected ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Tobacco Control
سال: 1996
ISSN: 0964-4563
DOI: 10.1136/tc.5.1.69a